Thursday, March 30, 2006

Prayer Study

Anybody want to comment on this?

NEW YORK (AP) -- In the largest study of its kind, researchers found that having people pray for heart bypass surgery patients had no effect on their recovery. In fact, patients who knew they were being prayed for had a slightly higher rate of complications.

Researchers emphasized their work does not address whether God exists or answers prayers made on another's behalf. The study can only look for an effect from prayers offered as part of the research, they said.

They also said they had no explanation for the higher complication rate in patients who knew they were being prayed for, in comparison to patients who only knew it was possible prayers were being said for them.
If anybody finds this worth discussing, I'll give my thoughts in the comments section.

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Wednesday, March 29, 2006

Signs in the Heavens

Some portions of earth were able to observe a solar eclispe today. This reminds me of a source of bitterness for me--I rarely get to see these kinds of things.

First of all, it has to be visible from my part of the planet--it usually isn't. When there is a lunar eclipse or a big meteor shower, it is often at some un-heavenly hour at night. And when I make an effort to see it, you can bet there will be clouds.

Haley's comet? Yeah, my Dad got my brother and I up way early on a Sunday morning and we drove out to the beach to see it. There weren't clouds as I recall, but we couldn't see anything of interest.

My best success was comet Hale-Bopp, probably because it was visible for multiple nights in a row. And a couple of years ago I saw the beginning and end of a lunar eclipse.

So if at judgment day I am accused of not responding to the signs in the heavens, my defense is: cloud-cover.

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Tuesday, March 28, 2006

The Evil (and Depressing) Dr. Dawkins

A month or two ago I added the daily message from Answers in Genesis to my RSS aggregator. I wanted to stay up on what the leaders of young-earth creationism are talking about, what their arguments are, and explore gaps in my own knowledge. I haven't commented on any of the daily messages yet because I don't intend to be a daily counter-AiG.

Today's message comes from Ken Ham himself. First he derides some of the major scientific achievements of 2005. In fact he doesn't even specifiy what they were (such as sequencing and analysis of the chimpanzee genome, and sequencing and reconstruction of the 1918 influenza virus), but summarizes them in a general apologetic way. Then he moves on to Richard Dawkins.

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The main point of the message is that evolution leads to a dismal, bleak outlook on life. To support this thesis, he quotes an interview with Dawkins.

What should be eye-opening for everyone who reads his responses are the real-life consequences that occur when people believe in molecules-to-man evolution. And these beliefs are being taught to tens of millions of young people in public schools virtually every day.
Q: “The idea of evolution and natural selection makes some people feel that everything is meaningless—people’s individual lives and life in general.”

A: (Dawkins): “If it’s true that it causes people to feel despair, that’s tough. … If it’s true, it’s true, and you’d better live with it.”

Q: “What do you see as the problem with a terminally ill cancer patient believing in an afterlife?”

A: “No problem at all … If I could have a word with a would-be-suicide bomber who thinks he’s going to paradise, … I would say, ‘Don’t imagine for one second you’re going to paradise … You’re going to rot in the ground.’”

Q: “Is atheism the logical extension of believing evolution?”

A: “… My personal feeling is that understanding evolution led me to atheism.”

As alluded to earlier, Richard Dawkins even said that the reason parents want to adopt children could be understood in terms of a “genetic mistake”:
You could think of it [i.e., accepting a child that is not biologically yours] as a kind of genetic mistake, in that human adults have strong parental instincts which make them long for a child. If they can’t have a child of their own, they can then satisfy those parental instincts by adopting a child.

At least Dawkins is honest about his beliefs!

Man, what cold and heartless guy that Dr. Dawkins is. Hmmm, but I'm not sure Ham has been honest about Dawkins. Let's look at the full answers in the order listed above.

1. If it’s true that it causes people to feel despair, that’s tough. It’s still the truth. The universe doesn’t owe us condolence or consolation; it doesn’t owe us a nice warm feeling inside. If it’s true, it’s true, and you'd better live with it.

However, I don’t think it should make one feel depressed. I don’t feel depressed. I feel elated. My book, "Unweaving the Rainbow," is an attempt to elevate science to the level of poetry and to show how one can be—in a funny sort of way—rather spiritual about science. Not in a supernatural sense, but there are uplifting mysteries to be solved. The contemplation of the size and scale of the universe, of the depth of geological time, of the complexity of life--these all, to me, have an inspirational quality. It makes my life worthwhile to study them.

2. Oh, no problem at all. I would never wish to disabuse or disillusion somebody who believed that. I care about what’s true for myself, but I don’t want to go around telling people who are afraid of dying that their hopes are unreal.

If I could have a word with a would-be suicide bomber or plane hijacker who thinks he’s going to paradise, I would like to disabuse him. I wouldn’t say to him, "Don’t you see what you’re doing is wrong?" I would say, "Don’t imagine for one second you’re going to paradise. You’re not. You’re going to rot in the ground."

3. They clearly can’t be irrevocably linked because a very large number of theologians believe in evolution. In fact, any respectable theologian of the Catholic or Anglican or any other sensible church believes in evolution. Similarly, a very large number of evolutionary scientists are also religious. My personal feeling is that understanding evolution led me to atheism.

For the last one, we also have to look at the question since it was not provided above.
4. How would you respond to people who say the most interesting or worthwhile aspect of human beings is behavior that natural selection would not promote? I'm thinking of behavior like adopting children who aren't family members, voluntary celibacy, or people deciding to spend their whole life praying.

Adopting children that are not your own or a close relative's is an interesting question. Why do not just humans, but other species, do what on the face of it is the wrong thing to do from a selfish gene point of view? Cuckoos play upon this and actually engineer it so that other species raise [baby cuckoos]. This is a mistake on the part of the foster parents, which have been "forced" to adopt the cuckoos.

So that’s sort of a wild analogy to adopting children, in this case ones who are not your own species.

By the way, I would hate this to be taken as any sort of suggestion that adoptive parents don’t love their adopted children; of course they do. But you could think of it as a kind of genetic mistake, in that human adults have strong parental instincts which make them long for a child. If they can’t have a child of their own, they can then satisfy those parental instincts by adopting a child.

In the same way, we have sexual instincts; we long for sex and it doesn’t matter that we use contraception. That’s, as it were, separating the natural function of sex, which is reproduction. But we still enjoy sex in the same way that we enjoy being a parent even if it is not our own child that we’re looking after.

Overall, I don't think Dawkins' answers have quite the bleak outlook that Ham was going for. Furthermore, strictly speaking, Dawkins separates his metaphysical outlook from science. And nevermind the fact that students in public schools are not taught anything about what Dawkins thinks. (I hadn't even heard of him until my senior year in college!). But hey, Ham's got to rally the troops.

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Sunday, March 26, 2006

Anti-Semitism, Joseph, and The Book of Mormon

Over at Dispatches from the Culture Wars, Ed Brayton takes apart a Worldnetdaily opinion column that links Hitler with evolution. (In my view, worries that evolution means something for how we ought to act don't stand up to a few moment's scrutiny.) As part of his rebuttal, he cites the anti-Semitic sentiments of Christians--including Martin Luther. His point is that you can just as easily twist Christianity as evolution to serve as justification for terrible deeds.

I guess I had not realized that anti-Semistism had a pedigree that included Martin Luther. I then thought of Joseph Smith's comparatively favorable view of Jews--The Book of Mormon itself contains passages that scold Christianity for its treatment of the Jews and tells us not to make a mock of them.

Keith Norman deals with this a little bit in his Dialogue article, "The Use and Abuse of Anti-Semitism in the Scriptures" (Vol. 32 No. 4).

My question is how Joseph's views on Jews compare with the dominant view at the time? More specifically, for those who argue that the Book of Mormon reflects 19th century America, is there a plausible source or influence for Joseph's favorable treatment of Jews as early as the 1829?

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Wednesday, March 22, 2006

Radiocarbon Dating Calibration

I've been intending to clear this off my "to blog on" pile for a few weeks. The Feb. 23 issue of Nature had a review article concerning the dates for the dispersial of modern humans into Eurasia. The substance of the article was this:

Radiocarbon dating has been fundamental to the study of human cultural and biological development over the past 50,000 yr. Two recent developments in the methodology of radiocarbon dating show that the speed of colonization of Europe by modern human populations was more rapid than previously believed, and that their period of coexistence with the preceding Neanderthal was shorter.
What caught my attention was the developments in radiocarbon dating. First are new methods to help filter out contaminants. The second concerns fluctuations in ancient atmospheric concentrations of [14]C and how these variations can be corrected for:

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The second breakthrough has emerged from recent research into the fluctuation patterns of the original [14]C content of the Earth's atmosphere over the past 50,000 yr. The most significant and internally consistent results have come from the dating of a series of 280 stratified radiocarbon samples recovered from a long sequence of deep-sea sediments in the Cariaco Basin near Venezuela, dated in 'calendrical' terms by reference to closely matching patterns of oxygen isotope ([18]O/[16]O) fluctuations in the independently dated Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice-core records from central Greenland; from a similar sequence of datings from deep-sea sediments adjacent to the Iberian coast; from a series of 152 paired radiocarbon and high-precision uranium/thorium (U/Th) measurements on a number of fossil coral formations from the tropical Atlantic and Pacific; and from a sequence of similar, combined [14]C and U/Th dating of a long cave stalagmite formation from the island of Socotra off the Arabian coast. The results of these different measurements have recently been compared to give a "best-estimation" comparison between measured radiocarbon ages and 'absolute' calendar ages over the past 50,000 yr, in the recently published NotCal04 calibration study presented at the 2003 radiocarbon calibration conference in Wellington, New Zealand

Here is the accompanying figure showing calibrations in reference to the theoretical straight line.



From the figure you can see that we're talking about a difference of about 5-6 kyr at the most. This may be an important correction for certain studies, but it's not as big of a difference as some people imply when casting doubt on radiocarbon methods, such as claims that we don't know how much [14]C was in the atmosphere in ancient times so the observed ratios are meaningless.

(It's beyond the scope of this article, but under 10,000 yr is calibrated using such methods as dendrochronology--ie. tree rings. Also note that radiocarbon dating is not used on material older than about 50 kyr.)

Question for Western Geologist or Capt. Obsidian (or any other geologist): how is radiocarbon dating relevant to stalagmite formation? I know caves can be formed from carbonic acid, but is the carbonic acid really an accurate representative of contemporary atmospheric CO2?

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Too Much Fluoride Is Bad

Well, too much of anything is bad--but in this case the topic is fluoride. But don't start dusting off your anti-Communist books quite yet. The National Academies' National Research Council released a report advising the EPA to lower the maximum amount allowed in drinking water (currently 4 mg/L). This really has nothing to do with adding it artificially.

The report does not examine the health risks or benefits of the artificially fluoridated water that millions of Americans drink, which contains 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L of fluoride. Although many municipalities add fluoride to drinking water for dental health purposes, certain communities' water supplies or individual wells contain higher amounts of naturally occurring fluoride; industrial pollution can also contribute to fluoride levels in water. Because high amounts of fluoride can be toxic, EPA places a cap, or maximum contaminant level, on fluoride concentrations in drinking water in order to prevent adverse health effects.

This isn't really that interesting--so why do I bring it up? Just because it is a hot-button issue from time to time [cough, in Utah] and news services are picking up the story. Just making sure we're clear on what the report is about.

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Monday, March 20, 2006

Polio Eradication Proves Difficult

There is an story today in the New York Times about the uphill battle to eradicate polio from the earth.

Nearly 18 years ago, in what they described as a "gift from the 20th century to the 21st," public health officials and volunteers around the world committed themselves to eliminating polio from the planet by the year 2000.

Since then, some two billion children have been vaccinated, cutting incidence of the disease more than 99 percent and saving some five million from paralysis or death, the World Health Organization estimates.

But six years past the deadline, even optimists warn that total eradication is far from assured. The drive against polio threatens to become a costly display of all that can conspire against even the most ambitious efforts to eliminate a disease: cultural suspicions, logistical nightmares, competition for resources from many other afflictions, and simple exhaustion. So monumental is the challenge, in fact, that only one disease has ever been eradicated — smallpox. As the polio campaign has shown, even the miracle of discovering a vaccine is not enough.

Not least among the obstacles is that many poor countries that eliminated polio have let their vaccination efforts slide, making the immunity covering much of the world extremely fragile, polio experts warn. They compare it to a vast, tinder-dry forest: if even one tree is still burning, a single cinder can drift downwind and start a fire virtually anywhere.
The article focuses on problems in Nigeria and India. It's worth reading and will hopefully, at the least, renew your sense of graditude for modern medicine/science.

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Friday, March 17, 2006

Other posts I have, which are not of this Blog

For those who read this blog, but do not keep tabs on the broader LDS blogging community (the bloggernacle), I thought I would point out some other posts I've done elsewhere.

First is a post I was invited to contribute to By Common Consent, Race: a scientific primer.

Then of course there is Mormons and Evolution. It is a group blog that I contribute to, but the pace is much slower than most other blogs. This is because we wanted to collect substantive posts--not daily "hey, check this out" kind of stuff. Jeff came up with this concept of a "Reconciliation Notebook" which is basically a collection and summary of our individual posts. My notebook is here. Some of my more recent posts have been about the Fall, two letters Joseph F. Smith published in 1911, and some background on the 1909 Origin of Man statement. I did not cross-post them here, so go read them if you are interested.

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